Overview

• The Karolinska Institutet named the trio as the 2025 Physiology or Medicine laureates, with the 11 million SEK prize to be shared.
• Key milestones include the 1995 identification of regulatory T cells and the 2001 finding that Foxp3 mutations drive autoimmunity, later unified into a single tolerance program.
• The discoveries underpin efforts to treat autoimmune diseases, enhance transplantation outcomes and modulate anti-cancer immunity, with several approaches in clinical trials.
• Nobel secretary Thomas Perlmann reached Shimon Sakaguchi at his lab, while U.S.-based co-laureates Mary E. Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell were initially unreachable due to the early hour.
• The Nobel medals and diplomas will be presented on December 10 in Stockholm, following the traditional Nobel schedule.