Overview

• Seventy-eight doctors and nurses from 22 NGOs reported their cases from deployments in Gaza between August 2024 and February 2025 using contemporaneous logs.
• Clinicians logged 23,726 trauma injuries and 6,960 weapon-related cases, with frequent multi-region wounds and widespread exposure to mass-casualty events.
• Explosive injuries made up 67% of weapon trauma with many head wounds, firearm injuries more often struck legs, and burns accounted for 18% of traumas with over a tenth classed as fourth-degree.
• Teams also managed severe non-trauma needs, including malnutrition, dehydration, sepsis and gastroenteritis, plus 4,188 patients with chronic diseases and 742 obstetric cases with a 36% rate of fetal or maternal death.
• Authors acknowledge limitations such as potential duplication and incomplete records, call for resilient surveillance and rehabilitation planning, and note Israeli military statements asserting legal compliance alongside a stated tension over civilian protection.