Overview

• Seventy-eight international clinicians from 22 NGOs reported 23,726 trauma cases and 6,960 weapon-related injuries treated in Gaza between August 2024 and February 2025.
• Explosives accounted for 67% of weapon-related trauma, head injuries were prominent, and burns comprised 18% of traumas with more than one-tenth classified as fourth-degree.
• Respondents described unusually severe, multi-region wounds that they said exceeded patterns seen in other recent conflicts and resembled injuries in professional combat.
• Malnutrition and dehydration were the most common medical conditions reported and were linked to delayed healing and preventable deaths.
• The authors urged resilient surveillance plus expanded surgical, psychological and rehabilitation capacity, acknowledged limits in logbook-based data collection, and Israeli officials said operations follow international law while noting tension between civilian protection and rapid operations.