Ancient Roman Lead Pollution Linked to Empire-Wide Cognitive Decline

New research shows industrial emissions from Roman silver mining reduced IQ levels across Europe by up to 3 points, with significant societal impacts.

Researchers analyzed Arctic ice cores to trace Roman-era lead pollution, revealing extensive atmospheric contamination from mining and smelting operations.
Lead emissions during the Pax Romana elevated blood lead levels in children by 2.4 micrograms per deciliter, exceeding modern thresholds of concern.
The cognitive effects, including a 2.5–3 point reduction in average IQ, likely impacted societal development across the Roman Empire.
The study suggests lead pollution may have weakened immune systems, potentially exacerbating the Antonine Plague that killed millions in the 2nd century CE.
Findings highlight the long-term health and environmental costs of industrial activity, drawing parallels to modern pollution challenges.