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Ancient DNA Points to Paratyphoid and Relapsing Fever in Napoleon’s 1812 Retreat

New shotgun sequencing of soldiers’ dental pulp broadens the disease picture beyond long‑suspected typhus.

Overview

  • Researchers analyzed dental pulp from 13 soldiers in a Vilnius mass grave and reported the results in Current Biology on Oct. 24.
  • Genetic fragments of Salmonella enterica were found in four teeth and Borrelia recurrentis in two, indicating bloodstream infections at or near death.
  • No traces of Rickettsia prowazekii or Bartonella quintana were detected in these samples, differing from earlier PCR-based findings at the same site.
  • The team cautions that the small, nonrepresentative sample and dental-pulp focus mean only certain blood-borne pathogens are detectable and population-wide prevalence cannot be inferred.
  • One B. recurrentis strain matched a lineage seen in Iron Age Britain, supporting a scenario of multiple overlapping infections alongside cold, hunger and exhaustion.