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Ancient DNA Finds Paratyphoid and Relapsing Fever in Napoleon’s Fallen Soldiers

Shotgun sequencing of 13 soldiers’ teeth from a Vilnius grave identified different infections in a small sample, updating earlier assumptions.

Overview

  • The peer‑reviewed study, published October 24 in Current Biology, applied broad shotgun sequencing to teeth from 13 individuals recovered from the 1812 Vilnius mass grave.
  • Researchers detected Salmonella enterica linked to paratyphoid fever in four soldiers and Borrelia recurrentis linked to louse‑borne relapsing fever in two, with one possible co‑infection.
  • No DNA from Rickettsia prowazekii (typhus) or Bartonella quintana (trench fever) was found in these samples, contrasting with 2006 PCR‑based detections in different individuals from the site.
  • The team authenticated the ancient DNA and, in one case, traced a B. recurrentis lineage matching a strain seen in Iron Age Britain, pointing to long‑term lineage persistence and turnover.
  • The authors emphasize that the sample is tiny and degraded, so findings refine rather than replace prior views and support a multi‑cause scenario involving disease, cold, starvation and exhaustion.